Big Nuts
It’s been 10 years since Jerry Krause, Phil Jackson and Michael Jordan parted company in a hail of spite and anger after winning six championships together with the Chicago Bulls.
It’s unlikely that the three ever posed together for a photograph, even in their sunnier days, but if they had Krause would have been the short dumpy guy looking entirely out of place.
The caption for that photo might have noted that Jordan was the one with the fierce presence and incredible talent and Jackson was the one with the cunning.
And Krause?
Well, he was the one with big enough balls to stand up to both of them.
It’s unlikely that Krause will ever join the other two in the Hall of Fame, but if he does, the display might well be a huge set of cojones.
Jordan, you may recall, was the most intimidating presence in the history of the game, on and off the court. That was his gift and his curse, all rolled into one. It was his gift because he rode that Alpha Male nature to the heights of the sport, scaring everybody in his path along the way. The curse was that his talent transformed those around him into fawning groupies and sycophants. Everywhere Jordan turned, he encountered people eager to tell him what he wanted to hear.
Even Jackson, hugely intimidating in his own right, chose his words carefully and stepped softly around His Airness.
Krause, on the other hand, charged right in like the bull that he was, cocksure in his own view of things.
Krause was the one who just knew the Cinderella Bulls had to have Bill Cartwright to upgrade their center play with smarts and toughness. So he traded away Charles Oakley, Jordan’s dear friend and partner in crime, to get Cartwright. It was just one of several Krause acts that Jordan never forgave.
“We didn’t win until we got Bill Cartwright,” Krause told me in a long conversation a few months back. “People today don’t realize how good Bill Cartwright was.”
Cartwright was the key to the Bulls’ first three championships from 1991-93, Krause said.
“Then the second group of three (1996-98) started when we got Dennis (Rodman). Without Dennis, we wouldn’t have done that.”
Jordan signed off on the Rodman acquisition, but there were plenty of other times Krause didn’t hesitate to run afoul of the team’s star.
Jordan lobbied hard for the drafting of Joe Wolf, a University of North Carolina star. Krause ignored him and drafted Horace Grant, another key in Chicago’s long, strange run of success.
Since the glory of his playing days ended, Jordan has struggled to find success and happiness in the game he virtually owned as a Bull.
Jordan has never phoned Krause, although he did contact him through an intermediary for the pivotal 2001 NBA draft. Jordan was an owner/executive for the Washington Wizards, and Krause was still working for the Bulls. They were both trying to sort out which big men to take among Tyson Chandler, Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry. Jordan made Brown his infamous selection, while Krause scooped up Chandler and Curry for Chicago.
“Michael didn’t try to pick my brain,” Krause said. “Michael didn’t have any respect for anybody’s brain. He did have Rod Higgins do a lot of his talking.”
Since his Bulls tenure ended a few years back, Krause has returned to his original love, scouting baseball.
Although Jordan is in charge of basketball operations for the Charlotte Bobcats these days and he could probably use Krause’s counsel on personnel issues, it’s not likely that the two will ever mend their differences.
And Krause scoffed when asked if he and Jackson would be getting together any time soon for a reunion of those great Bulls teams.
“I haven’t spoken to Phil since the last day he was with us in 1998,” Krause said.
Like Jordan, it would probably behoove Jackson to slice off a huge piece of humble pie and give Krause a call. After all, Jackson is in Los Angeles trying to duplicate the incredible feat they all accomplished together in Chicago – to build a championship team around a 2 guard.
Krause is quite a student of the game and he loves to point out that Chicago holds a distinction among all the great basketball teams.
“We were the only ones to build a championship team around a 2 guard,” he offered, adding that even attempting such a thing is almost silly. “That’s what I’m proudest of. It’s the hardest thing to do, really, really hard to do.”
WINTER
Their differences are enough to make you wonder how Krause and Jackson ever came to work together, but that in itself is the bittersweet heart of this story.
If Krause ever writes an autobiography, he plans to call it “One Million National Anthems.” That’s because he’s knocked around the games of baseball and basketball for years as a scout, taking bad flights, eating bad food, hanging out at practice, always looking for the hidden truth.
Even before that, when he was a student assistant charting plays at Bradley University, Krause caught his first glimpse of Tex Winter, then the coach at Kansas State. Krause was intrigued by the triangle offense and Winter’s intelligence and integrity.
“I liked what Tex did. I thought, ‘Boy, if he ever got good players that offense would be something.’”
Winter moved around in his coaching career as Krause moved into the netherworld of scouting, all the while keeping an eye on Winter and his teams. When Winter took the job at Northwestern, “we became better friends,” Krause said.
Winter recalls that he spent a lot of time with a projector, going over film, showing Krause a lot about the triangle.
“I wanted to learn about it,” Krause said. He also had hopes of becoming an NBA general manager someday and he offered promises that as soon as he did, he would hire Winter.
“I want you with me,” Krause told Winter. “I want you to teach the big people and to coach the coaches.”
“I always said, ‘I’m gonna hire him as an assistant coach, and I’m not gonna worry who the head coach is going to be,” Krause recalled.
In 1985, Krause’s labor came to fruition. He was hired as GM of the Bulls as Jordan was entering his second season. Sure enough, one of the first calls he made was to Winter.
First, Krause hired Stan Albeck as head coach. But Albeck didn’t want to listen to Winter and didn’t want to use the offense.
Krause also wanted him to hire a goofy young assistant named Phil Jackson. Krause had discovered Jackson, a lanky big guy at the University of North Dakota, while scouting small college ball. Krause had quickly come to believe that Jackson had a bright future. But Albeck absolutely refused to hire Jackson, who was viewed as something of an oddball back in the 1980s.
Krause fired Albeck and promoted a bright young coach, Doug Collins.
Krause wanted Collins to hire Jackson, but the new coach was reluctant.
“I went around some things with Doug, but I finally got Phil on his staff,” Krause said.
Once there, Jackson soon began working with Winter and learning from him. But like Albeck, Collins didn’t want to listen to Winter. He even barred Winter from Bulls practices at one point.
Finally, Krause grew fed up, fired Collins and hired Jackson as his head coach.
At last, Krause had the two people he had dreamed of putting in charge. It was the beginning of a coaching partnership that would win nine NBA titles.
“Phil was the first person to understand how good Tex was,” Krause said. “I give Phil a lot of credit. Phil is the best brain picker I have ever known. Phil has picked Tex’s mind for years. I’m a great brain picker myself. I’ve picked Tex’s mind for years. But Phil is by far the best I’ve ever seen because he took a genius and picked his brain. I hired Phil because he was a brilliant defensive coach. When Phil said he wanted to use Tex’s triangle, I said, ‘That’s great.’”
Krause doesn’t take credit for it, but the two would become the core of a great coaching staff, that included Johnny Bach, Jimmy Rodgers, Frank Hamblen and Jimmy Cleamons.
“I do believe the coaching staff we had in Chicago is the best staff in the history of the game,” Krause said. “They were a tremendous complement to Phil.”
For several years, Jackson and his staff proved the perfect match for Jordan, Scottie Pippen and the assemblage of talent. However, Krause’s strong personality wore on Jackson season after season.
Winter grew to become a moderating factor between the two. He said Jackson spent several years bending over backward to please Krause, but by late 1995, Jackson had grown weary of the process and began to rebel.
That rebellion grew into open warfare by 1996. Some accuse Jackson of using Jordan’s and Pippen’s dislike of Krause to motivate the team and drive the Bulls along a bitter road to their last three championships.
Krause soon found himself caught up in the web of Jackson’s mind games and the coach’s ability to use the media to achieve his goals.
“He’s always operated that way,” Krause said of Jackson. “Believe me, he’s stirred the pot with me a number of times. That’s the way he does things. I know the act, believe me.”
Observers watched Krause’s own hubris feed into the end game in Chicago. The team and coaching staff broke apart after the sixth title in 1998. Krause’s vision of Jackson and Winter had been special, then it turned into his nightmare.
Jackson “rode off into the sunset” was how the media termed the parting. Krause says he was disappointed in 1999 when Winter told him he was leaving the Bulls to accept a job working with Jackson and the Lakers.
“I wasn’t happy about it when he left,” Krause said of Winter, one of the elite few whom Krause calls ‘Coach.’ “I told him that. But Coach is still Coach with me. I don’t call many people coach. You gotta earn that with me.”
Now in his late 60s and still living in the Chicago area, Krause offers a matter-of-fact view of the experience and shows some callouses.
“I’ve got tapes of every game that was played in that era,” he says. “I’ve never looked at ‘em.”
Jackson was voted into the Hall of Fame last year, which served to remind Krause of his frustration at not getting the Hall to recognize Winter as an all-time great coach.
Winter is one of the game’s ultimate “geniuses,” he says.
Krause himself was on the selection committee for the Hall several years ago and resigned in protest over the issue.
“I did everything I could do,” Krause said, adding that the politics of selection has made Winter’s recognition as one of the game’s all-time great coaches an impossibility. “It ain’t gonna happen.”
He has grown to accept that reality as he has everything else that came to pass. He says he has moved on to his new life in baseball and is enjoying it immensely.
Don’t expect a warm reunion of one of pro basketball’s great teams, he says.
“It’s past history. It’s done. Phil is a great coach. For a long time, he was very easy to work with. Then he was not so easy. That’s life. Things change. Phil is Phil. I’m proud I hired him.”
Tony Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 2:48 pm
Great article. The one thing that is never explained to me is that if Krause thought so highly of Tex Winter, why was he never hired as the head coach? He was passed over before Collins, before Jackson and before Tim Floyd before he joined Jackson in LA. I don’t see why he wouldn’t have been a good choice, having coaching experience before at Kansas State. Either way, great insightful article.
sean from cayman islands Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 2:56 pm
russell’s celtics were the best team ever…then the six title bulls….amazing..no one else is close in dominance
John Doe Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 4:08 pm
Good question Tony, it is a wonder if he thought so highly of Tex Winter as one of the greatest coaches of all time, that he didn’t offer him a head coaching job ahead relatively inexperienced guys.
Curtis Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 6:45 pm
Great comments Tony and John Doe. It takes a different personality from Tex Winter has to succeed and endure as NBA head coach. You are constantly under scrutiny, pressure, and stress from the management, the sometimes neurotic and mentally unstable ownership, the superstar, egocentric players, the fanatical fans, the media beast, etc…. Tex is more of a laid back intellectual, a teacher of the secrets of the game who doesn’t seem to have any interest in catering to people’s fragile egos. Guys like Doug Collins (somewhat), Larry Brown, Pat Riley, Doc Rivers, Greg Popovich, and especially the zen-master Phil Jackson know how to get the best out of their players while placating their egos and chastising / criticizing in sometimes direct, indirect, subtle, not-so-subtle ways to get them to perform. Phil Jackson coached the Lakers to 3 straight championships and they still fired him after losing in the Finals to Detroit because of too much in-fighting between him, the owner Jerry Buss, his business-minded and astute daughter Jenny Buss (whom fill was and is stil romantically involved with) and Jerry’s somewhat erratic and meddling son Jimmy whom Jerry designated to be his heir to the Laker ownership dynasty. Then, a couple of years later, they realize their mistake and bring Phil back. That’s too much drama and too much of a soap opera for guys like Tex, in my opinion. But he’s great to have in your war room as your head x’s and o’s strategist while you as a head coach direct, star in, and navigate the perils of the NBA stage…
Jason Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 6:46 pm
Great question, Tony. Anybody know the answer?
Curtis Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 6:46 pm
i meant NBA circus, not stage, lol…
Dave Said,
October 9, 2008 @ 7:05 pm
What this article forgot to mention is that the offseason before that last championship Krause wanted to trade Scottie Pippen for RON MERCER.
That would have been the worst trade ever.
Krause was in a tough position near the end of the run..win one more championship or prepare for the future of the team..He knew the coach Phil Jackson was out at seasons end, and the contracts of Jordan, Pippen, Rodman almost every other player on the team were up….
Even as great as the team was, with Jordan making 33M$ the team would have to win the championship just to break even at the end of the year…There was a lot of pressure.
craig beckerman Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 12:56 am
what you may not have been aware of pippen was a productive player exactly 1 year longer then mercer and knowing krause it wouldnt have been straight up
joe beck Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 8:03 am
Tex didn’t want any head coaching job. I remember seeing an article a while back where he shuts down speculation of him ever becoming a head coach again.
Michael Bennett Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 8:56 am
What are you people talking about? Jerry Krause is a stubborn, idiotic fool who never did any good. He was a complete nincumpoop that drove Michael Jordan out of basketball and ultimately Chicago, let the best coach ever slip away, and he was a disgusting site to look at.
My last comment was blocked because this site has turned into a PG charade. I was even harsher on Krause and Lazenby for even writing this steaming pile of dog crap.
Every so-called brilliant decision made by Krause was the obvious one. So, way to do what any chimp would do when presented with the same options. When you have the best player to ever play the game, you shut up and get out of his way. When you have the best coach ever, you shut up and get out of his way. Krause was stupid and egocentric, so he had to speak up.
The Bulls should have won 8 championships in a row. They should have kept Phil in 98-99 and gone for a 9th in a row.
And, Dave, where do you get your information about the team breaking even at the end of the year? Why do people insist on posting nonsense like that? The Bulls were one of the most successful franchises in sports due to one man and one man only - Michael Jordan. They’re still feeling the effects and resonance of MJ ten years after he left - they sold out every home game for the past two seasons.
Get your facts straight. Krause is/was a big fat idiot.
KD Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 9:11 am
Why can’t it be Krause giving Jackson or Jordan the call? Why do the more famous people get the stick for not making the first move? Aren’t all of them to blame equally?
Writers have never been able to get Krause right. Every column either details his misunderstood genius, or the idea that he was a boorish failure. There’s no middle ground.
What people never understand is that he was a little — a lot, really — of both.
Ick. I’ve just posted on BskBall
Roland Lazenby Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 9:34 am
Michael Bennett,
I’ve had a great laugh at your indignation (not because you’re wrong; because it’s so real for so many fans a full decade after the event). I wrote an entire book on Jerry Krause’s failings in Chicago (Blood On The Horns, 1998).
However, there’s tremendous irony in this story. Krause played a major role in the creation of the dynasty, just as he shared a major role in the small-mindedness that blew it up.
I didn’t want to refight the whole war in catching up with Krause. That’s why the piece is written mostly from his perspective.
And I believe you have to give him his due. He stood up to people, and early on in the development of the Jordan Bulls, he was right. That in no way excuses his excesses and failures later, just as it doesn’t let the other major players off the hook either.
Krause’s big failing? He believed that he could restrict Phil Jackson’s salary. He didn’t see the changing values in the NBA for a great coach. That’s a pretty cut and dried issue, because the market has set that value.
Phil knew he had worth, and Krause was determined to deny that worth. If they hadn’t blown up over that issue, we’d have never seen all the other problems emerge on the scale they did with the Bulls.
If Krause hadn’t insulted Phil over the money, Phil would have never turned the whole thing against him. (Krause, you could argue, turned it against himself).
Sure, Krause would have worn Phil out eventually.
All of that said, if you’re objective on this, you have to acknowledge Krause’s major role in the building of this special team.
If you don’t, well, that’s your opinion. There are a lot of people who want to give Krause no credit whatsoever. They’re very angry.
But no one wanted to hire either Tex Winter or Phil Jackson in the NBA. Without Krause, it wasn’t gonna happen. Maybe Jordan was so great he was going to blow up the league all by himself. In seven years, it hadn’t happened. Maybe it would have eventually even if Jughead was his coach. But that’s another argument and another story.
Peace. If you can find it.
Roland Lazenby
G-Harper Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 10:53 am
C’mon, Michael. Krause has six championship rings and just like any GM, he made good choices, some bad ones, and more than anything, got lucky a few times. It’s interesting to see how much grief Krause takes and how Elgin Baylor was allowed a free pass after 20 years of destroying the Clippers. Great article, by the way. Roland and Sam Amico of ProBasketballNews.com are two of the best.
Jeff Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 11:09 am
Lazenby wrote an incredible book entitled “Blood on the Horns” that goes into depth on construction of the Bulls and the dysfunction that loomed behind them. I think everyone knows that Krause wanted much more credit than he received, which is fair to a point. However it seems as though Krause wanted ALL the credit, going as far to say Jackson wouldn’t be back even if the ‘98 Bulls had gone 82-0. The fact is he did drive Jordan from the game. In the book When Nothing Else Matters, Jordan says he never wanted to quit, pictured himself playing more after 1998, and was forced to quit due to the premature breakup of the Bulls
I disagree with Michael Bennet’s claim that all of Krause’s decisions were obvious ones. He was a talented scout who also had a bit of luck on his side, such as having 2 first round picks in the 1987 draft as well walking onto a team that had Michael Jordan in place already. Krause’s scouting talents cannot be argued, acquiring Pippen from Central Arkansas after trading OLDEN POLYNICE for him, that’s incredible. He saw a workhorse in Horace Grant in his days at Clemson, who turned into a valuable commodity that Jordan never fully appreciated. Jordan and Pippen both were against the signing of Toni Kukoc, who took less money and a lesser role to become one of the greatest role players of all time. Put Kukoc on any other team from ‘95-’98, give him the ball and play him 35-40 minutes a night, and he’s an all star. Krause DOES deserve more credit, end of story.
ryan Said,
October 10, 2008 @ 11:29 pm
G-Harper, Baylor may have made mistakes, but you’re forgetting that ownership was largely restricting what he could work with [money-wise]. When they finally went all-out, the Clips got deep into the playoffs, didn’t they?
Regarding 8 straight Bulls titles: I don’t think Krause had any role in Jordan’s dad dying WHICH WAS THE REASON HE RETIRED THE FIRST TIME. So, still not happening.
Todd Said,
October 11, 2008 @ 11:48 am
Great article… as Chicagoan this takes me back to the salad days of my basketball youth.
We, as fans, and anyone associated with Bulls team, were beyond lucky to have Michael on our team. Krause getting job going into MJ’s second year has got to be the best sports inheritance of all time! The karma pendulum has to swing back pretty far the other way after that kind of good fortune. Choose any analogy you like, but I will choose heroin high vs crashing withdrawal to compare fan experience of watching my team develove from the glorious 90s to the present day.
Krause did a great job for a long time, but ultimately the things that drive people to the top don’t usually allow them the stability (or serenity or diplomacy) to stay there. When you think about all those oversize egos flying in the Bulls private plane, I am just grateful the whole thing didn’t crash sooner than it did.
tp Said,
October 13, 2008 @ 8:39 am
I liked Blood on the Horns very much, but then found that Mindgames recycled much of the same materiel.
Krause did not exactly make “the obvious move” when he acquired the likes of Grant, Cartwright, Longley, Paxson etc. He did have his share of blunders (Sellers, King, Sanders, Sellers, and Sellers), but who didn’t.
The funny thing is that as Blood on the Horns makes very clear, both Krause and Jordan had exactly the same concept of what kind of players they wanted. They both loved the Higgins, Oakleys and Corzines of the team due to their work ethic and professionalism, and wanted no part of the Daileys, Woolridges or Threatts despite their undeniable talents.
jacksparrow Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 8:04 am
Michael Bennet-you are dumb….in your post u mention that krause hired the best coach ever,and had the best player ever…..not until he fired dough and hired phil were michael and phil mentioned as the best of anything!!how old are you?u r probably some dumbass 18 year old who doesn’t know that phils first coaching experience was the BULLS!!!and as a player he was a scrub!!!he was on the bench!!!dumbass!!get your facts strait!!Tex is responsible for the offense being the offense,and Phil was responsible for da defense….ignorant little prick!sheesh
leonard hamilton Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 12:07 pm
Roland, great posting and I have read most of your books. You must have inside information that we are not privy to and I give you that. My opinion, worthless as it is, Jerry Krause should be in the Hall of Fame. What other GM could have assisted in producing 6 titles built around a 2 guard? And in the NBA draft you need luck more so than anything. So to grab Pippen and Grant, then make the trade for Cartwright, brilliant moves. But no one saw the busts of Stacy King, Brad Sellers,etc. So it is a gamble. Also notable, even with Jordan and the pre salary cap era, how many big name free agents came to Chicago? Hardly any. So the success gets passed around and rightfully so. Coaches, players, and GM. It is extremely impressive that they won 2 titles let alone 6.
Belize Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 12:10 pm
Awesome read. thx!
qtlaw Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 12:59 pm
Roland,
Thanks for your fresh and objective insight. I loved the Bulls in the 90’s and it was easy to dismiss Krause as the fat louse in the background but he did make some tremendous decisions. Having the eye to choose Pippen and Oakley from their college background, trading for Cartwright, Kukoc, Rodman. He deserves his due credit. It was a shame that it all crumbled because it could have gone on for another 3-5 years.
khandor Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 2:32 pm
As a GM in the NBA, Jerry Krause had the ability to see with accuracy who had IT and who did not which is something that Michael Jordan has yet to demonstrate, as an Executive in this League.
Mr. Lazenby … terrific stuff, as per usual.
Jerry Krause Took No Bull From Jordan | MOUTHPIECE Blog Said,
October 15, 2008 @ 3:22 pm
[...] as Roland Lazenby at Hoops Hype (via Docksquad, via TrueHoop) points out in an excellent read today, it’s because Krause [...]
Zoner Sports » OUR MAN CRUMBS Said,
October 16, 2008 @ 8:43 am
[...] article about Jerry Krause from Hoops Hype, which I found on Docksquad Sports. “It’s been 10 years since Jerry Krause, Phil Jackson [...]
B Lewin Said,
October 16, 2008 @ 8:45 am
This article is ridiculous. The most insane quote is, “Cartwright was the key to the Bulls’ first three championships from 1991-93, Krause said.” Really? Are you kidding me?
Jordan did not want Oakley traded because at that time the Eastern Conference was like the NHL, and he required a punishing supporting player. (The same type of player Gretzky required.) Jordan was forced to assume the role of enforcer/big brother. Cartwright was a suitable player, but nothing special. No more important than Luc Longley would be in the next go around.
The Bulls indeed needed an adequate 4 for their 96-98 threepeat, but most players would have sufficed. The Bulls did not win in 95 because they had not meshed yet, and Jordan was not yet at 100% of his skills. Rodman missed a ton of games - due to injuries, suspensions, etc . . . He sulked, grandstanded, and took a ton of rebounds literally of out of the hands of his teammates to pad his #’s.
The Bulls won 6 rings because: 1. Jordan, 2. Pippen, 3. Jackson, 4. solid role players.
jwires Said,
October 21, 2008 @ 12:43 pm
The thing is, it takes an entire organization to win championships. Look at teams that amass a bunch of talent but no leadership at the top. You have to have great players, then a coach that can manage them & not over coach them, then there had to be management to bring them all together. I think everyone deserves some credit but there is no way one could say that cartwright was the key to success, that shows Krause is still unhappy & unwilling to give Jordan the respect he deserves. Look at the current Bulls amassing a bunch of 1st round talent but is there any leadership at the top ?
Adamantelope Said,
October 21, 2008 @ 5:45 pm
Well one way to look at this group (and I’ll admit it’s not totally compreshensive or fair) is to see who won anything after they broke up the championship team. Jordan came back with less gas in his tank and a weaker Wizards team around him. Pippen came close with the Blazers and Rockets. Phil has done well for himself, with some serious help from Kobe and Shaq. But Krause… put together some awful teams around the turn of the century and ultimately was out of basketball. Steve Kerr, however, might be the ultimate winner. So who knows anything?
The 10-man rotation, starring all 1,230 NBA games | TOP NBA VIDEO.com Said,
October 23, 2008 @ 1:01 am
[...] It’s Just Sports. The paranoid life of a Canadian basketball fan: Bosh free agency.6th: Hoops Hype, via Docksquad Sports. A great article about former Bulls GM Jerry Krause.7th: The Blowtorch. If [...]
Omar Aberilla Said,
October 25, 2008 @ 1:14 am
From these accounts, we can say that Jerry Krause is an under-appreciated pillar in NBA basketball. I mean just bringing together a core of diverse talents and personalities and making it work. Jordan’s realizing now how much he should have heeded to Krause’s decisions and perhaps it would have made him a better player personnel executive than he is now with the lowly Bobcats. What a marvelous job Krause has done for the Bulls, in retrospect. Not to mention, how he has impacted the careers of Jordan, Jackson and Winter. And yet, for all the opportunities and the support he’s had for them, in turn, they reward him by giving him the cold shoulder.